MODULE BY DISCIPLINE «MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE" (section "Morphology")

EDUCATIONAL AND METHODICAL COMPLEX

(MODULE)

BY DISCIPLINE

«MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE"

(section "Morphology")

Compiled by: Associate Professor of NGPI Zhumaeva F. R.

MODULE 1. VERB

Topic # 1

Verb as part of speech. Morphological categories and verb forms.

Plan

1. Verb semantics. Categorical meaning of the verb.

2. Morphological categories.

3. Syntactic categories (person, time, mood).

Verb

The semantic structure of the verb is more capacious or flexible than all other grammatical categories. A verb word with richness and variety of meanings combines richness and variety of forms.

V. V. Vinogradov

Basic concepts for the topic "Verb"

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action (write), a state (cry), a sign (blacken), an attitude (equal to something) as a process and expresses this meaning in grammatical categories of type, voice, mood, tense, person, number and gender (in the past tense).

Grammatical semantics of a verb is the meaning of a procedural feature that expresses through verb categories the ultimate-non-ultimate nature of the process: read - read (type); the relationship of the process to its subject and object­: The editor reviews the article. The article is edited by an editor (pledge); relationship to reality, showing the action as real or unreal (the desirable and the possible, expected): write, write(writes), would (mood); the relatedness of the process to the moment of speaking: write, wrote, will write (time); the attribution process to one or more entities: read, read (tense); the attribution to the carrier procedural basis, which is talking (writing), the source (write) or subject matter (s) (writing); the relatedness of procedural characteristic and grammatical genus names : the journalist wrote, a student wrote, the window is closed (b).

Conjugated (predicative) verb forms are all forms­ of the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods that act as a predicate in a sentence.

Non-conjugated (attributive) forms of the verb - infinitive, participle, gerund, which mainly play the role of definition or circumstance in the sentence.

The base of an indefinite form (infinitive) is a base that is formed­ by discarding the formative suffix-t’, - ti: chita-t’, vez-ti (to read, to carry)

The basis of the present (future), if the verb is in perfect) tense-the basis that is formed by discarding verbs in the form of the 3^rd personality in plural ending-ut, - at: chitay - ut, govor' - at. (are reading, are speaking)

Infinitive (indefinite verb form) - the initial, main form ­of a verb that does not have independent grammatical categories of mood, tense­, or person, and generally represents its lexical meaning.

The subject infinitive indicates the action of the subject of the sentence (My friend starts this task).

The object infinitive denotes an action related to the object ­of the suggestion(A friend was forced to complete this task).

Verb type is a grammatical category that denotes the relation of an action to an internal limit.

Imperfect verbs denote an action in its course, in the process of committing without indicating the achievement of a n internal limit.

Perfect verbs denote an action as limited ,­concentrated in some limit of performance.

Paired verbs are verbs of the opposite type that have the same lexical meaning.

Unpaired verbs are monospecific and bispecific.

Two-form verbs are verbs that can use the same base to express the meaning of a perfect and imperfect form.

Monospecific verbs are verbs that stand outside the specific correlation; they are perfect and imperfect verbs.

Method of verbal action - lexical and grammatical categories of verbs denoting various temporal, quantitative-temporal and effective modifications of the action, expressed using word-forming formants.

Basic methods of verbal action:

• Initial: to speak, to go;

• Restrictive: to work, to sing;

• final: to die down, to work out;

• instantaneous-one-time: to shout, to wave;

- multiple: yelling, shouting, and yelping;

- motor-non-multiple: to go, to swim, to carry;

- motor-multiple: to walk, to swim, to carry;

- accompanying: to sentence, to dance

- mutual: whispering, texting, etc.

The voice category is a verbal category that expresses the relation ­of an action and state to its subject (the producer of the action or the carrier of the state) and to the object (the object to which this action or state is directed).

A valid voice represents an active action as coming from the subject, expressed by the subject represents an active action as coming from a subject expressed by a subject (Students perform the exercise).

The passive voice denotes a passive action that is performed by the subject expressed by the complement (The exercise is performed by students).

A medium-refundable deposit denotes an active action aimed at the subject itself (The girl combs her hair.)

Partial values of the average repayable collateral:

a) actually-return (dress up-the postfix -ся means itself).

b) reciprocal (kissing - постфикс -the postfix means each other).

c) total return (stop, rejoice - the value of the state, change ­in the position of the subject);

d) indirectly-return (keep in line with the road).

e) active-object-free (butting, biting - indicates a sign of the object). Transitivity / intransitivity of verbs. When defining transitivity /

transitivity indicators are set for verb переходности in transitivity.

Transitive verbs denote an action directed at an object expressed ­by a dependent name in the accusative case (if there is a negative in the verb, the direct complement has the genitive case: buy a newspaper - do not buy newspapers).

In addition, transitive verbs include the following cases:

a) if they have an infinitive that can be replaced with the accusative or genitive ­case of a direct object: I like to relax on the Black Sea;

b) if the equivalent of the direct complement of a verb is a subordinate ­explanatory clause, which can be replaced by the accusative or genitive case of the direct object: They write to me that you, melting your anxiety, have become very sad about me. Yesenin).

c) if the verb uses the dative case with the preposition po with the meaning of distributiveness: give to each child from an apple

d) if the verb has a substantive word with the meaning of a direct ­object: put the student "good".

Reflexive verbs are verbs with a postfix that do not have a passive meaning and indicate active actions.

Mood is a grammatical category that expresses the r elation of an action called a verb to reality from the point of view of the speaker.

The indicative mood denotes an action as real in the present, past, or future tense.

The imperative mood expresses an urge to act.

The subjunctive mood expresses a desirable, assumption.

Synonymy of moods is the use of forms of some moods in ­the meaning of others.

The time category denotes the relation of the action expressed by the verb to the moment of speech.

Present historical time - using the meaning ­of present time to refer to an action that occurred in the past.

The real "reportage" is the same as the real historical one, but ­it is widespread in journalistic texts.

The person category indicates who the action belongs to from the speaker's point of view.

Verb conjugation in a broad sense is a change in the verb according ­to inclinations, tenses (in the indicative mood), persons, and numbers.

Verb conjugation in a narrow sense is a change in the verb by persons and numbers ­in the present (or future simple) tense.

1. conjugation-verbs with the endings-u, - u, - eat, - et, - em, - yete,- ut (-yut).

2. conjugation-verbs with the endings-u, - yu, - ish, - it, - im,- ite, -at (-yat).

Multi-conjugated verbs are verbs that have I - conjugation endings in some persons and II-conjugation endings in others.

Abounding verbs are verbs that have double forms to express the meaning of the same person. Often there are ­stylistic or semantic differences between the variants.

Deficient verbs-do not have a similar set of personal forms. This ­is due to the discordant pronunciation, as well as the lexical meaning of the verb.

Impersonal verbs-denote processes, states, the meaning of which does not relate to any actor.

Indeed, the verb occupies a special place in the morphological system ­of the modern Russian language. Beautiful foliage fell, beautiful steamboats sailed (D. Sa­moylov). Along with the noun, the verb is considered to be one of the two main parts of speech.

A verb is a significant part of speech that denotes a process (action or­ state) and expresses this meaning in the categories of type, voice, mood, tense, person, as well as number and gender. In a sentence, the verb has the largest number ­of syntactic connections and is the organizing center of the sentence.

General categorical grammatical features of a verb as a part of speech. Implementation of this value as private values of an action, process, state, relationship, and property.

Verb boundaries as part of speech. Predicative and non-predicative forms of verbs. Infinitive as the initial verb form, its semantic, grammatical and functional features. Participle and gerund as special (non­-conjugated) verb forms; their connection with conjugated verb forms and infinitive ­(identity of lexical meaning, common grammatical categories of the form and voice, the same syntactic design of active valences).

The question of the scope of the verb paradigm (narrowed, extended, and complex verb paradigms). Incomplete and abundant verbal paradigms. Reasons for incomplete verbal paradigms.

Two formative bases of the verb: the basis of the present / future tense and the basis of the past tense. Features of verb formation. .­Distribution of verbs by morphological classes (productive and unproductive). Composition of productive verb classes. Interaction of verb classes as a­ reason for the emergence of multiple paradigms. Groups of verbs and individual verbs with individual features of form change.

A system of grammatical verb categories.

Non-predicative verb categories.

Category of the verb type. The question of its grammatical status (non-inflectional / inflectional) in Russian linguistics.

Juxtaposition of perfect and imperfect verbs according to substitutional, morphological, and syntactic features (various compatibility ­possibilities). The main partial meanings of perfect and imperfect verbs. The question of species competition.

A specific pair as a correlation of verb lexemes with opposite specific ­meanings that denote the same real action in different ways. ­Criteria for combining verbs into a specific pair (formal-semantic and ­functional). Types of species pairs: perfective, imperfective (primary and secondary ­imperfection), and suppjrtive. Features of the formation of specific pairs in verbs of movement.

Monospecific verbs perfektiva tantum and imperfektiva tantum, the reasons for their appearance ­in the language system. Two-type verbs, the main trends in their development.

The concept of the method of verbal action. Types of verbal action modes (temporal, quantitative, intensive, combining temporal and quantitative ­meanings).

The voice category, the problem of its interpretation in Russian linguistics. The question of the number of Russian verb voices. Understanding the voice as a grammatical category of mixed type. Semantic and formal opposition of the forms of­ the active and passive voice. Formation of passive voice forms depending on the verb type.

The voice category and its relation to transitivity / intransitivity of the verb .­ Semantic and grammatical features of transitive / intransitive verbs.

Reflexivity and non-reflexivity in the Russian verb system. Structural ­and semantic groups of reflexive verbs.

Defective voice paradigm: verbs that can only express­ the meaning of a valid voice.

Gender of the verb

A gender category is a morphological category that characterizes­ the subject of an action by gender. The gender category includes verbs in the past singular tense of the indicative mood (taught, taught, taught), as well as verbs in the conditional mood (taught, taught, taught). The following endings are the means of expressing the gender category: masculine gender-zero ending (bought, joked, smiled); feminine gender-ending-a (bought, joked ,­smiled); neuter gender-ending-o (bought, joked, smiled). The neuter gender category cannot indicate the gender differences of the subjects of the action. Neuter verb forms ­indicate the gender of the noun or pronoun that names the subject of the action (the sky has brightened).

Gender and person are mutually exclusive verbal categories. In those forms where the face is expressed, it is impossible to determine the gender.

Remember! In the past tense of the verb, it is necessary to determine the gender and number, in the present and future tense-the person and number.

The following endings are the means of expressing the gender category: masculine gender-zero ending (bought, joked, smiled); feminine gender-ending-a (bought, joked ,­smiled); neuter gender-ending-o (bought, joked, smiled). The neuter gender category cannot indicate the gender differences of the subjects of the action. Neuter verb forms­ indicate the gender of the noun or pronoun that names the subject of the action (the sky has brightened).

Gender and person are mutually exclusive verbal categories. In those forms where the face is expressed, it is impossible to determine the gender.

Remember! In the past tense of the verb, it is necessary to determine the gender and number, in the present and future tense-the person and number.

The greatest value of a nation is its language, in which it writes, speaks, and thinks (D. S. Leskov).

A procedural attribute is widely understood. It can be:

1. physical and mental state (exult, sleep, be sad, rejoice);

2. movement (walking, running, flying, swimming).

3. Existence (to live, to be, to exist)

4. position in space (stand, lie down, sit);

5. change in the attribute (turn white, turn red, grow, melt).

Gender. Number. Interrelation of verb categories.

The gender of a verb is an inflectional morphological characteristic of such verb forms as past singular forms of the indicative mood, singular forms of the conditional mood, participial forms. The generic characteristic of a verb is used to coordinate the verb with nouns and pronominal nouns and is an extra-nominal indicator of their generic characteristics (A boy came - a girl came). The neuter gender may also indicate that the verb is impersonal

(Vecherel-o).

Number is a morphological characteristic that is inherent in all verb forms, except for the infinitive and gerund. The verb number is used for matching verb forms with a noun or pronominal noun (Came-person-Came-and people).

Morphological categories verb

The type category shows the nature of the process in relation to the subject.

The collateral category connects the process to the subject and object.

The category of mood relates the process to objective reality, i.e. it shows it as actually implemented (in the indicative mood) or as desired (in the conditional and imperative moods).

The category of time relates a process to the moment of speech, i.e.­an action performed before the moment of speech, at the moment of speech, or after the moment of speech.

Communication with the carrier of a procedural feature is carried out using the categories­ of person, number, and gender.

The category of a person is used to indicate the carrier of a procedural attribute.

The gender category indicates grammatical gender or gender.

The category of a number denotes the identity or plurality of carriers of ­a process feature.

All verb forms are characterized by the categories of type and voice.

In addition to the listed morphological features, verbs can be characterized­ by transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / non-reflexivity: to keep - to be kept, to bathe - to bathe.

Conjugated and non-conjugated verb forms

The verb word has the richest paradigm. All verb forms can be divided into two groups - conjugated and non-conjugated.

Conjugated verb forms are forms that can be changed according to moods, numbers­, persons, tenses, or genders. Conjugated forms are also called personal, or predicative, because they perform the function of a predicate in a sentence.

Non-conjugated verb forms are called non-personal or non-predicative. Non-conjugated verb forms include the infinitive, participle, and gerund.

The participle and gerund are also called attributive forms of the verb. The participle denotes an action as an attributive sign of the subject (­reading a boy, reading a book), and the gerund is a sign that characterizes another action (reading a book, reading a book).

From the point of view of mutability/immutability, non-conjugated verb forms­ are divided into mutable and immutable. The infinitive (indefinite form of the verb) and adverbs are immutable, while the inflected verb forms and participles are mutable.

All verb forms are divided into two groups: conjugated forms and non-conjugated forms (indefinite form, participle, gerund). In Academic Grammar (1980), 3 classes of forms are considered: 1) conjugated forms; 2) infinitive; 3) participles and adverbs.

Conjugated forms are contrasted by grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, number, and gender.

The change has spoken in the mood, and the mood at times (only in the indicative mood), faces (in the indicative and partly in the imperative mood) and the numbers and genera (singular of the past tense), and the subjunctive) is called conjugation, and formed the changes of shape are called inflected (personal).

Non-conjugated (non-personal) forms of verbs (infinitive, participles, adverbs) differ from conjugated forms by the absence of inflectional grammatical meanings. Exceptions are participles, which can be contrasted by tenses (present and past tense) and pledges, change by gender, numbers. The infinitive and gerund are represented by the same form.

Conjugated and non-conjugated forms are combined into a single system of verb forms, because they have a number of common features: 1) the commonality of lexical pledges; 2) the commonality of specific and pledge formations; 3) the commonality of management; 4) the general ability to be explained by an adverb.

The main syntactic role of a verb is the expression of a predicate. However, the syntactic function depends on the verb form. Conjugated verb forms are used in the syntactic role of a simple verb predicate and a compound verb predicate (Children can sleep peacefully). Therefore, conjugated forms are called predicative.

Participles in their full form act as an agreed definition in the sentence (Gulls flew over the raging sea), and in a short form-in the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (The whole room is illuminated with an amber glow) (P).

Adverbs act as various circumstances (swallows fly over the pavement, almost touching the ground with curved wings), as well as a secondary predicate (Trees flutter joyfully, bathing in the blue sky) (F.Tyutchev). Since participles and adverbs act as secondary members, they are called attributive.

The infinitive (Latin “infinitivus” – indefinite) is included in the system of verb forms, although it differs in a very peculiar structure. The infinitive denotes an action in the most general form, without referring it to any subject. Semantically, the infinitive (indefinite form) is similar to the nominative case of a noun with the action meaning: catch – catch¹. The words catch and catch have the meaning of action, but the noun catch means action as an object, and the indefinite form catch-as a process. The indissoluble connection of the indefinite form with the verb is maintained morphologically and syntactically: it is characterized by specific differences (to do – to do), transitivity and intransitivity (to see – to sit), reflexivity and non-reflexivity (to bathe – to bathe) and voice meanings (in the appropriate context). All these categories are non-modifiable, so the infinitive is an unchangeable verb form. It names an action without any indication of its relation to a person, number, time, reality or unreality. However, being devoid of inflectional grammatical meanings inherent in conjugated verb forms, the infinitive can be used in the meaning of various moods, for example, indicative: Go, look, don't spend the night here (Griboyedov); imperative: Don't tear flowers! ; subjunctive: To sleep.

The infinitive has its own formal indicators-affixes –t, - ti, - sti, (- st). Infinitive indicators are qualified in different ways: -t, - ti are defined as suffixes (since the infinitive is an unchangeable verb form), and as endings (since they are discarded during the formation of verb forms and are not included in the basis). This is reflected in the scientific and educational literature. Thus, in Academic Grammar (part 1, 1980), in the textbook "Modern Russian" edited by V. A. Beloshapkova (1981), in school textbooks, the infinitive indicator is considered as the ending, in the textbooks "Modern Russian" by N. I. Shansky and A. N. Tikhonov (part P, 1981), "Modern Russian" edited by P. A. Lekant (1982) – as a suffix. There is no single point of view regarding-whose. In the book "Modern Russian Language". Textbook-reference book on the Russian language for students of the Faculties of philology of pedagogical universities and universities under the editorship of M. A. Hegai (T., 1995) –ch is considered as part of the basis, the formative affix is zero: cherish, guard. In the textbook "Russian language" edited by L. Y. Maksimov (M, 19870 ( -ch qualifies as part of the root and suffix, i.e. there is an overlap.

The most common affix is-t, which developed from-ti. The suffix-ti has a small group of non-exponential verbs on –z, -s (to carry, carry) only under stress. The affix-sti is distinguished in the infinitive of verbs with the present tense base on t (meta-revenge), d (lead – lead), b (row – row). According to scientists, this affix was formed in the common Slavic era as a result of phonetic changes in the consonant groups ttst, dt st and the subsequent transition of the c sound from the base to the infinitive affix-ti. A variant of this affix-st has some verbs with fixed stress based on the past tense: put – put, pali-fall, etc. The use of an indefinite form of na-st outside of these cases gives the speech a colloquial and colloquial character: The whole house was ruled by Parasha, who was entrusted with the task of settling scores (A. Pushkin).

In verbs with a base on the back-lingual g, k, the indefinite form ends in-ch, which represents the result of an ancient phonetic change in the consonant group kt and gt and the reduction of the vowel иi, and then its disappearance (cf.: pek-ti-bake, lay-ti-lie). The suffix-chi has disappeared and is only found in common parlance and fiction, for example: The trouble is, if the cobbler starts baking pies (I. Krylov).

The syntactic functions of the infinitive are different. It can play the role of any part of the sentence: subject and predicate (Smoking – health harm), the main member of impersonal sentences (You and not see such battles) (M. Lermontov), determine (a Desire to learn never left it (Bitter); extras (Please release me from his position), circumstances (I'm old matchmaker and godfather, came to put up to you (Krylov).

All verb forms, with the exception of the future complex, are formed using form-forming suffixes and endings attached to the base. By formation, verb forms fall into two groups, depending on the forming basis, which can act as the basis of an indefinite form and as the basis of the present tense. The base of an indefinite form is found by discarding the suffix-th, - ti.

From the base of the infinitive, the following forms are formed: past tense forms of the indicative mood (chita (t)+ l), subjunctive mood forms (chita (t)+l would), past participles of the real voice (written+vsh+iy), past participles of the passive voice (written), adverbs (from the base of perfect verbs: written+v).

Verb analysis scheme

Word form in the text.

Part of speech; categorical meaning of the verb. 2. The initial form of the verb; a question to the initial form of the verb; a question to the word form in the text. 3. The form of the gla­gol (conjugated / non-conjugated) 4. The basis of the verb (the basis of the infinitive and the basis of the present tense). 5. Verb class; indicators of the verb class. 6. Type ­of verb conjugation; conjugation index. 7. The type of verb; the meaning of the type; the specific pair of the verb; the method of forming a specific pair; the method of verbal action. 8. Transitivity­/ intransitivity of the verb; indicator of transitivity/ intransitivity. 9. Return ability/ non-return ability; indicator of return ability (postfix); ­function and value of postfix. 10. Voice of the verb; voice index; meaning of voice. 11. Verb mood; index of mood; meaning of mood. 12. Verb tense; time indicator; time value. 13. Verb face; face indicator; face value. 14. Number of the verb; exponent of the number; meaning of the number. 15. Gender of the verb; gender indicator; gender value. 16. Conjugation paradigm.

Sample: Why argue fruitlessly with the century? (A. S. Pushkin)

To argue:

1. verb; procedurality.

2. Initial form-argue; question to the initial form: what to do? Question to the word form: what to do?

3. Form of non-conjuncted verb

4. The basis of the infinitive is argue the basis is present. time-dispute'-.

5. 5th productive class; indicator: the ratio of basics-and - - acc.

6. Verb of the 2nd conjugation; conjugation indicator: 5th productive class; infinitive base on-and-.

7. Imperfect appearance, there is no indication of an internal limit; specific pair: argue - argue; method of formation-prefixal, using the prefix po -; method of verbal action-duration outside the limit.

8. An intransitive verb; can't have a preposition without a preposition.

9. Not returnable; no postfix

10. There is no voice; the verb is irrevocable, intransitive.

11. There is no mood.

12. The infinitive has no time category.

13. There is no face category.

14. There is no number category.

15. The infinitive has no gender.

16. The conjugation paradigm is incomplete.

Sample: And poetry awakens in me.

Awakens:

1. Verb; processality.

2. Initial form-wake up; question to the initial form: what to do? Question to the word form: what does it do?

3. Conjugated verb form.

4. The basis of the infinitive-pa -; the basis of present tense-wake up-.

5. 1st productive class; indicator: the ratio of basics -a

6. Verb of the 1st conjugation; conjugation indicator: 1st productive class; infinitive base on-a-.

7. Imperfect appearance, there is no indication of an internal limit; specific pair: ­awakens - will awaken; method of formation-non-representative; method of global ­action-duration beyond the limit.

8. An intransitive verb, because it is reflexive.

9. Returnable; the return rate is postfix.

10. Reflexive-middle voice; the verb is reflexive, formed from the transitive.

11. Indicative mood: the presence of personal endings; the absence of indicators of other declensions; indicates that the action is actually taking place.

12. Present tense; time indicator personal ending-ет; time value – the ­action takes place at the moment of speech.

13. 3rd person; face indicator-personal ending-et; indicates that the action is performed by one subject who does not participate in speech.

14. The number is singular; the indicator is a personal ending-ет; it means that ­the action is performed by one person.

15. Used in the present-day form, where there are no gender forms.

16. The conjugation paradigm is complete.

Control questions.

1. A verb is a part of speech that …

2. The verb answers the questions ...

3. Permanent features of the verb include …

4. The verb is changed by ...

5. In a sentence, the verb most often acts as ...

6. With the help of verbs, you can denote not only actions, but also ...

7. Perfect verbs answer the question ... and point to ...

8. Imperfect verbs answer the question ... and indicate actions ...

9. Verbs of the perfect form have ... time forms: ...

10. Verbs of the imperfect form have ... time forms: ...

11. Transitive verbs are those that ...

12. Transitive verbs have with them ...

13. Reflexive verbs are verbs that ...

14. All reflexive verbs are ...

15. The indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) differs from other forms of verbs in that …

16. In the indicative mood, verb forms denote ... actions that ... Verbs in the indicative mood refer to ... time limit.

17. In the conditional mood, verb forms denote ... actions that .... Verbs in the conditional mood are formed with ... and are changed by ...

18. In the imperative mood, the verb forms denote ... and are formed from ... with the help...

19. Verbs change by person. First person - ..., second person - ..., third person -...

20. The first conjugation includes verbs ...

21. The second conjugation includes verbs ...

22. Multi-conjugated verbs include ...

23. Impersonal verbs are those that ...

Literature

1. Avilova, N. S. Vid glagola i semantika glagolnogo slova [The type of verb and the semantics of the verb word] / N. S. Avilova, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1976, 328 p.

2. Arbatsky D. I. On the lexical meaning of adverbs / D. I. Arbatsky // Questions of linguistics. - 1980. - No. 4. - pp. 108-119.

3. Bondarko A.V. Vid i vremya russkogo glagola [The form and time of the Russian verb]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie­Publ., 1972, 239 p.

4. Bondarko A.V. Problemy grammaticheskoi semantiki i russkoy aspektologii [Problems of grammatical semantics and Russian aspectology]. St. Petersburg : SPbU Publishing House, 1996, 231 p. (in Russian)

5. Bondarko A.V. K opredeleniyu ponyatiya "zalogovost '"[On the definition of the concept of "collateral security"] // Theory of functional grammar. Personal information. Pledge rate. St. Petersburg, 1991, pp. 120-125.

6. Bondarko A.V. Semantics of the face / A.V. Bondarko // Theory of functional grammar. Personal information. Pledge rate. Saint Petersburg: Nauka Publ., 1991, pp. 5-40.

7. Bondarko A.V., Bulanin L. L. Teoriya znacheniya v sisteme funktsional'noi grammatiki [Theory of meaning in the system of functional grammar].

8. Bulanin L. L. Struktura russkogo glagola kak chasti rechi i ego grammaticheskie kategorii [The structure of the Russian verb as part of speech and its grammatical categories]. Spornye voprosy russkogo yazykoznaniya: teoriya i praktika: mezhvuz. Sb. - L., 1983. - pp. 94-115.

9. Volynets, T. N. Grammatical phenomenon of the participle / T. N. Volynets. - Mn.: Belgosuniversitet, 1998. - 138 p.

10. Volynets T. N. On the grammatical status of participles in the Russian language (diachronic and synchronous aspects) / T. N. Volynets // Vessk BDU, ser. IV. - 2011. - No. 2. - pp. 66-71.

11. Gasparov B. M. O nekotorykh funktsiyakh vidovykh formov v narazovatel'nom aspect [On some functions of species forms in the narrative aspect]. Uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo universiteta [Scientific Notes of the University of Tartu]. Issue 482. Questions of Russian aspectology. Issue IV, 1979, pp. 112-127.

12. Gerasimenko V. G. Rol ' vido-vremennykh formov v organizatsii razlichnykh tipov teksta [The role of vide-temporal forms in the organization of various types of text]. Philological sciences. 1991, No. 5, pp. 106-111.

13. Glovinskaya M. Ya. Semanticheskie tipy vidovykh oppozavleniy russkogo glagola [Semantic types of specific oppositions of the Russian verb]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1982, 155 p.

14. Glovinskaya M. Ya. Polysemy i sinonimiya v vido-vremennoy sisteme russkogo glagola [Polysemy and synonymy in the vide-time system of the Russian verb]. Moscow: Azbukovnik, 2001, 319 p.

1. What morphological features does the verb have?
A) case, mood, gender;
B) declination, person, time;
C) type, mood, time, person, number;
D) gender, number, and case;
E) declension, person, tense, gender, number, case.

2. Choose a variant with a transitive verb:
A) love music.
B) follow a friend.
C) go home.
D) smile at the girl;
E) get dressed for dinner.

3. What verbs have a gender category?
A) verbs of the present tense;
B) reflexive verbs.
C) verbs of indefinite form;
D) past tense verbs;
E) future tense verbs.

4. What verbs are used to form the present tense?
A) throw it away, take it, view it;
B) come, compose, build it;
C) congratulate, say, take;
D) compose, help, breathe, congratulate;
E) write, breathe, throw away.

5. Determine the mood of verbs: sing, go, write.
A) conditional, imperative, indicative;
B) indicative, conditional, imperative;
C) imperative, conditional, indicative;
D) indicative, imperative, conditional;
E) conditional, indicative, imperative.

Topic № 2

Infinitive as the original verb form.

Plan:

1. Infinitive as the original verb form.

2. Conjugated (personal) verb forms.

3. Infinitive syntax function

The infinitive is an indefinite verb form, the original form of the verb paradigm, which names a process without reference to mood, time, person, or number. This verb form is also called the initial and dictionary form (in dictionaries, the verb is represented by the infinitive form). In a word, you can sell, betray, and buy (V. Shukshin).

By origin, the infinitive is a frozen form of­the dative and prepositional singular of nouns with a base on *i. In modern ­linguistics, the infinitive is considered as the basis of the verbal paradigm.

The infinitive is a generic name for an action.

Indicators of the infinitive are suffixes-ti, - t, -ch. The suffix-ti­is used after consonants (blossom, bear, weave), and it is always stressed­. Only verbs with the prefix you-have an unstressed suffix-ti (take out, sweep out, crawl out). The suffix-ti is the oldest in origin. The suffix -t is attached to the base of the verb on a vowel (Please, teach, love­to beat). The suffix-ch forms the infinitive form of verbs with back-lingual g, K. It combines elements of the root and suffix: cherish (*beregti, art.- slav.) - shore, beregla; oven (*pekti, art.- slav.) - bake, bake, where h'/ / k in the root.

You can only define permanent categories for an infinitive.:

• type (perfect/imperfect - decide, learn, accept / decide, teach, accept);

• pledge (valid, passive, medium-return - give a lecture / the lecture is given by the teacher);

• transitivity / intransitivity (love, cook, protect / keep silent, embrace­, believe);

• return / non-return (return is indicated by the postfix ­paint / paint, warm /warm, change / change).

The infinitive can be any member of a sentence. I want to understand you (A. S. Pushkin) - I want to understand the predicate. If only life would come again to read (P. A. Vyazemsky) - read the definition. The book will teach you to respect a person and yourself (M. Gorky) – respect Addition.

The infinitive has no categories of mood, tense, number, or person.

INFINITIVE

The initial form of the verb is the infinitive (indefinite form of the verb). The verb in the infinitive form answers the questions what to do? What should I do? This is an immutable form.

• The infinitive has the endings-t, - ti.

Read, carry.

-whose is both an ending and a part of the root, where r/h and k/h alternate

Lie down/lie down, flog/flogging.

• The infinitive has the following morphological features:

TYPE (perfect – imperfect),
CHARGEBACK – NON-CHARGEBACK,
TRANSITIVITY – NON-TRANSITIVITY.

For example: read (imperfect view, non-returnable, transitional).

• In a sentence, the infinitive can be any member of the sentence, but most often the infinitive is a predicate or its part and subject.

Compare: To live is to serve the motherland; I want to enter the conservatory; I had a strong desire to look around; She asked me to read the letter; She sat down to rest.

3.  Verb type-verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms.

• Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do?

Read, run, laugh, pour.

• Perfect verbs answer the question what to do?

Read, run away, laugh, pour out.

• In Russian, there are a small number of two-type verbs, that is, verbs that, depending on the context, have the meaning of the perfect form (and answer the question what to do?), then imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?).

Execute, marry, order, investigate, investigate, arrest, attack, etc.

For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king would personally execute (what does he do- imperfect view) his enemies; the King executed (what did he do?– perfect view) more than fifty rebels.

4. Returnability– in Russian, contrasted with:

• non-reflexive verbs (do not have a postfix-ся).

Wash, solve, protect.

• reflexive verbs (have a postfix-ся). Wash, make up your mind, take care.

5. Transitivity– Russian has transitive and intransitive verbs.

• Transitive verbs can be combined with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition.

Read (by whom? what?) write a book; write (who? what?) email; download(who? what?) baby, cradle.

• Intransitive verbs cannot be combined with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition (you can't: quarrel– who? what; fly-who? what?).

All reflexive verbs are intransitive.

Wash, make up your mind, take care.

Infinitive as moods

The infinitive can be used as an imperative mood and emphasize the categorical nature of the order.

• Accept it, call it, ask for it

• Say you're home... (A. S. Griboyedov)

• It's none of your business — keep quiet! (M. Gorky)

• Fire them!

In the function of the imperative mood, the infinitive can express the obligation of an action or its inevitability.

• This is an important message and if the people don’t get it then there will be a great thunderstorm! (A. S. Pushkin)

The infinitive in the subjunctive function expresses a condition, a wish.

• Sleep now!

• Take a nap!

The gender and number of these forms are not defined.

The infinitive in the function of the indicative mood has an intensely initial connotation.

• Blackbird grieve, yearn. (Russian folk tale)

• And he — run!

The infinitive can be used in the future tense.

• I won't blow your head off.

Infinitive impersonal sentences

Predicate of impersonal sentences can be expressed in one indefinite form­, without any auxiliary words. Impersonal sentences with such­ a subject are usually used in colloquial speech. Their utterance ­is accompanied by a special expressive intonation. A predicate expressed in an unspecified­ form, denotes: 1) the inevitability of action: Be  threat (p.); 2)the need for action: Don't be stubborn, my dear! Now show yourself! (Fonvizin.); 3) a strong desire: One more minute see her, say goodbye to her, shake her hand (L.); 4) impossibility of action (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb with the negation not): I won't­ drive you a mad troika! (N.) You'll never do that! 5) indignation­, indignation: Make jokes, and always make jokes! Like you on this page! (Gr.); 6)­ categorical order: Keep quiet! Standup!

In conjunction with the particle, the indefinite form conveys all the shades of the subjunctive mood, such as: the possibility of action: There would be rain if not wind; desirability of action: Oh, and Iwould like to go there.

Security questions:

1.What is called a verb?

2.What is called an infinitive?

3.How is the infinitive formed?

4.What grammatical forms does the verb have?

Literature

1. Kalakutskaya, L. P. Adjectivation of participles in the modern Russian language / L. P. Kalakutskaya, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1971, 227 p.

2. Kuznetsov, S. A. On the category of representation of the Russian verb / S. A. Kuznetsov / / Research on Slavic languages. Seoul, 2001, no. 6, pp. 109-126.

3. Miloslavsky I. G. Vid russkogo glagola kak slovoobrazovatel'naya kategoriya [The type of Russian verb as a word-forming category]. Philological sciences. - 1989. - No. 4. - pp. 37-44.

4.Muchnik, I. P. Grammatical categories of the verb and name in­the modern Russian literary language / I. P. Muchnik, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1971, 300 p.

5.Paducheva, E. V. Semanticheskie issledovaniya [Semantic research]. Semantics of time and form in­the Russian language. Semantics of narrative / E. V. Paducheva, Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kul­'tury, 1996, part 1, 464 p.

6.Tikhonov, A. N. Members of species correlations - grammatical forms of one word / A. N. Tikhonov / / NDVSH. Philological sciences. - 1965. - No. 2. - p. 93

7.Khrakovsky, V. S. Zalog / V. S. Khrakovsky // Linguistic Encyclopedia­dictionary, Moscow, 1990, pp. 160-161.

8. Khrakovsky, V. S. Semantics and typology of the imperative. The Russian Imperative /

V. S. Khrakovsky and A. P. Volodin, Nauka Publ., 1986, 272 p. (in Russian)

9.Khrakovsky, V. S. Interaction of grammatical categories of the verb.

1. With. Khrakovsky // Questions of linguistics. - 1989. - No. 1. - pp. 31-41.

10.Khrakovsky V. S. Passivnye konstruktsii [Passive constructions] // Theory of functional grammar. Personal information. Pledge rate. Saint Petersburg : Nauka Publ., 1991, 371 p. (in Russian)

11.Cheremisina M. I. K voprosu o grammaticheskoi strukturu glagol'noi leksemy [On the grammatical structure of a verbal lexeme] // Theoretical problems of syntax and lexicology of languages of different systems. Novosibirsk, 2004, pp. 6-50.

12. Chertkova M. Yu. K probleme vidovoy pairness of verbs in the modern Russian language / M. Yu. Chertkova // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 9. Philology. - 1994. - № 2. -39-47.

13.Shatunovsky I. B. Semantika predlozheniya i nereferentnye slova [Sentence semantics and non-referential words­. Moscow: Yazyki russkoi kul'tury, 1996, 400 p.

14. Shelyakin M. A. Kategoriya vida i sposobody deystviya russkogo glagola [The category of the form and ways of action of the Russian verb]. Tallinn: Valgus Publ., 1983, 216 p.

15. Shelyakin M. A. On the functional essence of the Russian infinitive / M. A. Shelyakin­// Dictionary. Grammar. Text: Moscow, 1996, pp. 288-302.

16.Sereda, E. V. Morphology of the modern Russian language. Place of interjections in the system of parts of speech / E. V. Sereda. - Moscow: FLINTA: Nauka, 2005. - 160 p.

1. What verbs belong to different conjugations?
A) drive, breathe, hold, hear;
B) shave, lay;
C) run, want;
D) see, hate, depend, tolerate, offend, watch, twirl;
E) all verbs on- ut

2. Which verbs are impersonal?
A) grieve, spend the night, rage;
B) smiles, washes, dresses;
C) wander, warn, or be bold;
D) rustle, speak, direct;
E) not feeling well, feeling sad, breathing

3. Name the constant signs of the verb:
A) time, person, gender;
B) type, date, time;
C) type, conjugation, transitivity;
D) conjugation, person, number;
E) mood, conjugation, tense.

4. In which verbs is b written?
A) in the infinitive, in the second person singular, in the imperative mood;
B) in verbs of the First conjugation of the conditional mood;
C) in verbs of the second conjugation of the imperative mood;
D) in all impersonal verbs;
E) in past tense verbs.

5. How to form a specific pair of verbs: cut, scatter?
A) using a permutation of stress;
B) using prefixes.
C) using suffixes.
D) by alternating vowels in the root;
E) using prefixes and suffixes.

Topic # 3.

VERB TYPE AS A GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY.

Plan

1. Type of verb. Perfect view.

2. Imperfect view. Verb type system in Russian.

3. Specific paradigm. Methods of forming a species pair

View is a verb category that expresses the relation of an action to its result.
The type category is common to all verbs in the Russian language.
Perfect verbs answer the question what to do and denote the action that has or will have a limit, the result:

• an action that has ended or will end with the result: learn or draw.

• an action that has started or will start: start playing or singing.

• one-time action: push, jump.

Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do and they indicate an action that has no limit, no time limit, and no result: teach, draw, play, or shout.

The type of verb affects the formation of its forms.

Specific pairs

Perfect and imperfect verbs form specific pairs.
A specific pair consists of an imperfect verb and a perfect verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in the meaning of the type.

Some specific pairs are verbs with different roots.

Two-type verbs

There are two-type verbs that combine the meaning of the perfect and imperfect forms in one form. 
Their type is determined from the context: marry, execute, wound, order, influence, use, automate, asphalt, telegraph:

Guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?). 
Won't you order me, I'll tell you (what will I do?) submit a mat?

Formation of verb types

Глаголы Imperfect verbs they are formed fromглаголов perfect verbs 

• using suffixes:

- IVA -, - YVA -:consider-consider, question — question, sign — sign;
- VA -:open — open, give — give, shoe — shoe;
- A-(- I -):save — save, grow up — grow up.

Perfect verbs are formed from imperfect verbs

• using the viewport prefixes ON-,With-,PRO-,PO-etc.: treat — cure, bake-bake, do — do, write-write, read-read, build-build, teach — learn;

• using the suffix –WELL get used — get used, nod-nod, jump — jump.

Attention!

If the lexical meaning of a perfect verb is changed from an imperfect verb by using a prefix, such verbs do not form a specific pair: read — reread, reprimand, read, subtract.

The form is a lexical and grammatical non-modifying category of the verb, ­which indicates the desire of the action to its internal limit.

The type is the main classifying category it is inherent in all­ verb forms without exception.

The semantic feature of the form is the general grammatical meaning ­of the relation of the action indicated by the verb to its internal limit. The category of species was formed in the Russian language by the XVII century, and still has its ­initial state. A significant stage in the development of the category of species in modern Russian was the loss of past tense forms.

V. V. Vinogradov noted :" In the concept of a perfect type, the main feature is a sign of the limit of action, the achievement of a goal, a sign of limiting or eliminating the idea of the duration of an action. The designation of an action in its­ flow, not constrained by the idea of the limit of the process as a whole, is the basic, general meaning of an imperfect kind."

The type category in modern Russian is a paired (binary­) opposition of perfect and imperfect verbs.

Perfect verbs denote an action that is limited to an internal pre­-action (decide, mark, say). The meaning of limiting the action­ by its internal limit is inherent in all verbs of the perfect form. But ­not all verbs reach the limit by action. This is determined by the meaning of the verb­ word. According to this feature, the verbs limit (note­, write) and non-limit (lie, see, sleep) are distinguished.

Imperfect verbs denote a long action ­that does not achieve a result.

Perfect verbs can have the following partial meanings:

1. Concrete-process meaning, the verb names a single concrete­ action (cut, write, boil). My beloved filled the room with an aroma ­of fresh air and perfume.

2. Total meaning, the verb indicates the integrity of an action united­ by a common result or goal; lexical indicators such as two times, three times, several times, etc. are used. My mother reminded me twice of her request.

3. Cash-effective value. The main thing is the end result of the action: the student came, the father returned.

4. Potentially-a possible value. You live in the same city and see each other once a week.

­ Grammatical features of perfect verbs.

1. In the indicative mood, perfect verbs have two forms- past tense and future tense (read – read). They don't have any present tense forms! This is explained by the incompatibility of grammatical meanings of the perfect form and the present tense.

2. Perfect verbs form synthetic forms of the future tense (think - I'll think, take out - I'll take out).

3. From verbs of the perfect form, past participles are formed (think - thought).

4. Perfect verbs form perfect adverbs (­to say - having said, to plant-having planted).

5. Perfect verbs are not combined with phase verbs (start - start, continue - continue, finish - finish).

6. Perfect verbs are combined with words that have a meaning outside ­of consonance-suddenly, suddenly, unexpectedly (suddenly noticed, unexpectedly arrived, suddenly woke up).

Imperfect verbs denote an action that is not limited by the internal limit (bloom, please, appreciate).

Imperfect verbs can have the following partial meanings:

1. Specifically-a process meaning, the verb indicates a single action in its process implementation by the subject. The last crowd flies over us from the backward clouds. Their transparent segment softly melts. At the crescent moon (A. Fet).

2. Unlimited-long value. When I gather my loved ones on the road, I sing them a song to remember them by (M. Tsvetaeva).

3. Potentially-a constant value. I love the lush wilting of nature (A. S. Pushkin).

4. Generically-the actual meaning, where the verb refers to a situation in an indefinite ­period of time. Temporary uncertainty is a mandatory feature of this value. We all learned a little, something and somehow (A. S. Pushkin).

Grammatical features of imperfect verbs:

1. Imperfect verbs in the indicative mood have the forms of all three tenses - present, past and future tense (please-please­, please, I will please).

2. Imperfect verbs form analytical forms­ of the future tense (to work - I will work, you will work, will work, we will work, you will work, will work).

3. Imperfect verbs form причастия present and­шедшего времени): past participles): read - reading (real, present tense), reading (passive, present tense чита­емый ), reading (real, past tense), reading­(passive,past tense).

4. Imperfect verbs form imperfect adverbs несовершенного вида (to tell - telling, to rejoice - rejoicing).

5. Imperfect verbs are combined with the phase verbs started,­continued, finished (started writing, continued working, finished studying).

6. Imperfect verbs are combined with words that indicate the ­length and repeatability of the action (yawned endlessly, skipped regularly).

Control questions:

1.What is a view category?

2.How do perfect and imperfect verbs differ?

3.What verbs are called monospecific?

4.How are two-type verbs formed?

5.What suffixes do two-type verbs contain?

1. In which version are all verbs of the imperfect form?

1) cut, wake, hold, shout

2) build, search, start, compose

3) ask, store, look in, take away

4) tell, unscrew, get cold, freeze

2. In which variant of the verb is not a two-part­ verb?

1) quit

2) marry

3) baptize

4) injure

3. Write out all perfect verbs without prefixes from the text:

"I'll have a cup of coffee and then kick it!" he decided, and began to work on­ the spinning wheel, noticing at the same ­time with his usual eyes the river, the way the fire was burning, and the water in the pot, which was slowly beginning to boil.

4. Write out all imperfect verbs with prefixes from the text:

The dawn grew brighter and brighter, the colors on the reeds and on the water were constantly changing, the mist floated in curls across the river, the willow leaves glistened like varnished ones, and for a long time in the reeds and further away, in the forest and nearby, somewhere in the willows, birds were calling in different voices. Already the first breeze smelled of the bitter-sweet warm forest spirit and stirred the stones.

5. In which version are all verbs of the 2nd conjugation?

1) pull out, kick out, sit out

2) pour, discard, subtract

3) bring up, feed, express

4) burn out, look, bake

1^ Historical background: by its origin, the infinitive is a case form (apparently the dative case) of verbal names. And now some homonymous pairs of nouns and infinitives are still preserved, but already in a transformed form: oven - verb, oven - noun (cf.: leak, whip, mouth, etc.). According to some linguists, the origin of the infinitive explains some of its syntactic features – the availability for it of specifically nominal functions of the subject and complement.